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Misinformation

This guide will help you identify and avoid misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.

Games & Quizzes

Resources

Information Consumption

Cooke, N. A. (2017). Posttruth, Truthiness, and Alternative Facts: Information Behavior and Critical Information Consumption for a New Age. The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, 87(3), 211–221.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/26561732

Garber, M. & Valdez, A. (Hosts). (2024, May 27). How to Trust Your Brain Online [Audio podcast episode]. In How To. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/podcasts/archive/2024/05/how-to-trust-your-brain-online/678457/ 

Conspiracy Theories

Hornsey, M. J., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., & Douglas, K. M. (2023). Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0

Uscinski, J., Enders, A., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Drochon, H., Premaratne, K., Murthi, M., & Richey, S. E. (2022). Have beliefs in conspiracy theories increased over time? PloS One, 17(7), e0270429–e0270429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270429

How Misinformation is Spread

McDowell, K., Sanfilippo, M. R., & Ocepek, M. G. (2025). Storytelling and/as Misinformation: Storytelling Dynamics and Narrative Structures for Three Cases of COVID-19 Viral Misinformation. In Governing Misinformation in Everyday Knowledge Commons (pp. 18–40). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2019). The misinformation age : how false beliefs spread. Yale University Press. 

Mills, K. I. (Host). (2023, November). Stopping the spread of misinformation [Audio podcast episode]. In Speaking of Psychology. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology/stopping-spread-misinformation 

Filter Bubbles

Kelly, John and Camille Francois. (2018). This is What Filter Bubbles Actually Look Like. MIT Technology Review.  https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/08/22/140661/this-is-what-filter-bubbles-actually-look-like/ 

Pariser, Eli “Beware Online “Filter Bubbles”” Ted Talk, 2011 March, https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles?subtitle=en 

Combatting Misinformation 

Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral Reading and the Nature of Expertise: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 121(11), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811912101102 

Leder, J., Schellinger, L. V., Maertens, R., van der Linden, S., Chryst, B., & Roozenbeek, J. (2024). Feedback Exercises Boost Discernment of Misinformation for Gamified Inoculation Interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 153(8), 2068–2087. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001603 

Fact Checking Resources