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Misinformation

This guide will help you identify and avoid misinformation, disinformation, and malinformation.

What is Misinformation?

Misinformation -  Information that is false, but not created with intent to deceive or harm

Disinformation - Information that is deliberately created to harm individuals, groups, or countries. 

Malinformation - Information that is based in fact, but used out of context to mislead, harm, or manipulate. Propaganda and consumer distraction techniques fall into this category.  

Types of Misinformation

Adapted from the definitions used by Melissa Zimdars' Open Sources project [18 November 2016].

 

Fake News: Sources that entirely fabricate information, disseminate deceptive content, or grossly distort actual news reports.  

Satire: Sources that use humor, irony, exaggeration, ridicule, and false information to comment on current events.  

Conspiracy Theory: Sources that are well-known promoters of kooky conspiracy theories.

Junk Science: Sources that promote pseudoscience, metaphysics, naturalistic fallacies, and other scientifically dubious claims.

Hate News: Sources that actively promote racism, misogyny, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination.

Clickbait: Sources that provide generally credible content, but use exaggerated, misleading, or questionable headlines, social media descriptions, and/or images. 

Deepfakes: An image or recording that has been convincingly altered and manipulated to misrepresent someone as doing or saying something that was not actually done or said (from Meriam Webster Dictionary)