Filters reduce results by focusing on a specific area. They are helpful because you usually have too many results from a search. Databases have different types of filters, but you can usually filter your results by the following areas:
Content type
Also known as "source type" or "document type," this limits by the type of publication: journals, popular magazines, newspapers, conferences, etc.

Date of publication
This allows you to limit your results to more recent publications, or older articles for a historical perspective.

Full-text
if you need research articles right away, you can limit your results to items whose entire content exists in the database and not just the article record.

This short video demonstrates how to use this feature on ProQuest databases. Other databases will have similar options.