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Citing Sources

A guide on how & why to cite sources including summarizing, paraphrasing, quoting, style guides, citation management tools, plagiarism, and responsible conduct of research (RCR)

Knowing what needs to be cited is crucial for upholding academic integrity and avoiding plagiarism in your university assignments. Proper citation shows respect for the intellectual work of others and allows your readers to trace the origins of the ideas, data, or words you use. It also strengthens your own arguments by demonstrating that your work is informed by credible sources. Failing to cite appropriately can lead to accusations of academic dishonesty, which may have serious consequences. As a general rule, whenever you use information, ideas, or language that are not your own, you should provide a citation.

What You Need to Cite

You will always need to cite the following: 

  • Direct quotations: Whenever you use the exact words from a source, even if it’s just a short phrase or a single sentence.
  • Paraphrased information: When you restate someone else’s ideas or findings in your own words, even if you change the structure or wording.
  • Summaries: If you condense and present the main points or arguments from a source.
  • Data, statistics, and research findings: Any facts, figures, or results that are not considered common knowledge.
  • Images, tables, and figures: Any visual material, such as charts, graphs, photographs, or diagrams, that you did not create yourself.
  • Unique theories, methods, or interpretations: When referencing specific approaches, models, or viewpoints developed by others.

 

What You Don't Need to Cite

Normally, you don't need to cite any of the following:

  • Common knowledge:
    • Widely known facts (e.g., “Water boils at 100°C,” “Concrete is commonly used in building foundations”).
    • Basic facts well-known in your field (e.g., “The strength of a material is measured in units like Pascals” in mechanical engineering, “DNA carries genetic information” in biology).
    • Writing outside your field: If you’re unsure your readers will know the information, include a citation.
  • Your own original thoughts or experiences: Personal insights, opinions, or findings from your own research or experiments.

 

When In Doubt, Cite

If you’re ever unsure whether something requires a citation, it’s always best to provide one. Proper citation not only gives credit to original authors but also enhances your credibility and the quality of your academic work.