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Research Methods

A comprehensive guide to research types or methods, covering fundamental distinctions between research approaches (primary vs. secondary, quantitative vs. qualitative, basic vs. applied) and provides guidance on selecting appropriate methodologies.

Research methods are the tools and strategies we use to explore questions, analyze evidence, and draw meaningful conclusions. They shape what you can learn, how reliably you can learn it, and how your work will be understood and evaluated by others. Choosing the right method isn't just a technical decision—it’s central to how well your research holds up.

There’s no one-size-fits-all approach. Methods vary by the kind of data they work with—quantitative, qualitative, or a combination of both—and by whether they involve collecting new information or analyzing existing sources. Some methods aim to describe, explore, explain, or test specific ideas; others are designed to address theoretical questions or solve real-world problems. The best method for your project depends on what you're trying to learn, the resources you have, and the expectations of your field. Being thoughtful and deliberate in how you choose and apply methods lays the foundation for research that’s clear, credible, and useful. The rest of this guide will walk you through the major types of research methods, what they’re best suited for, and how to decide which approach fits your project.

Why Is This Important?

Understanding research methods isn’t just for those headed into academic careers. These skills will serve you well across many areas:

  • Stronger Professional Skills: Many roles require you to address problems systematically, manage projects, and make evidence-based decisions. Research methods give you adaptable, practical tools for all these tasks.
  • The Power of Secondary Research: Mastering secondary research helps you find answers quickly and build on what others have already discovered—especially when time or resources are limited. Its real superpower lies in giving you credible evidence to support your ideas, inform decisions, and strengthen proposals. These skills make your work more effective across academic, professional, and everyday contexts.
  • Critical Thinking: You’ll be better equipped to identify reliable information, spot bias, and analyze complex issues thoughtfully—valuable in any field.
  • Ethical Awareness: When your work involves people or sensitive information, ethical considerations matter: consent, confidentiality, and the responsibility to avoid harm. Sound research methods prepare you to handle these challenges with confidence and integrity.

Altogether, these abilities help you become a more thoughtful, informed, and responsible participant in any academic or professional environment.

Getting Help

Building strong research skills takes time and practice, but you don’t have to do it alone. Professors, librarians, and course materials are all excellent resources when you need advice on shaping a research question, choosing methods, or finding credible sources. For personalized guidance, you can always book an appointment with your subject librarian, or visit the Illinois Tech Writing Center at any stage of your research or writing project.

With practice and the right support—especially as you become confident in leveraging secondary research—you’ll turn research into one of your most valuable and versatile skills, in the classroom and well beyond.